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Turner syndrome(TS): Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis ,Treatment , Risk factors , Complications , Prevention

 What Is Turner Syndrome(TS)?

Turner syndrome is a chromosomal condition that affects development in women. The maximum commonplace feature of Turner syndrome is brief stature, which will become obtrusive by means of about age five. An early lack of ovarian characteristic (ovarian hypofunction or untimely ovarian failure) is also very not unusual. The ovaries increase typically before everything, however egg cells (oocytes) usually die upfront and most ovarian tissue degenerates before birth. Many affected girls do no longer go through puberty until they obtain hormone therapy, and most are unable to conceive (infertile). A small percentage of girls with Turner syndrome preserve everyday ovarian features through younger maturity.

About 30 percent of girls with Turner syndrome have greater folds of skin at the neck (webbed neck), a low hairline behind the neck, puffiness or swelling (lymphedema) of the hands and feet, skeletal abnormalities, or kidney troubles. One 0.33 to one 1/2 of individuals with Turner syndrome are born with a heart disorder, along with a narrowing of the big artery leaving the heart (coarctation of the aorta) or abnormalities of the valve that connects the aorta with the coronary heart (the aortic valve). Complications related to these heart defects may be life-threatening.

Most ladies and ladies with Turner syndrome have normal intelligence. Developmental delays, nonverbal studying disabilities, and behavioral troubles are viable, even though those characteristics vary among affected individuals.

Turner’s syndrome is a random genetic sickness that influences girls. The major characteristics encompass brief stature and infertility. Usually, a female has  X chromosomes. However, in ladies with Turner’s syndrome, one of these chromosomes is missing or peculiar. The missing genes cause the abnormalities and functions found in women with Turner’s syndrome. Other names for Turner’s syndrome include monosomy X, 45X and Ullrich-Turner syndrome.

The outcomes and severity of the condition range broadly, depending on the diploma of chromosomal abnormality. Turner’s syndrome influences approximately one in 2,000 lady babies born. However, the occurrence of this abnormality earlier than birth may additionally imply it's miles extra common than commonly thought. It has been envisioned that most effective one per cent of fetuses with this abnormality survive to term and as many as 10 in step with cent of miscarriages have this chromosomal abnormality.

What Is Turner Syndrome(TS)

Explanation of medical terms and concept Turner syndrome(TS)

Turner syndrome, a circumstance that impacts most effective ladies, effects whilst one of the X chromosomes (intercourse chromosomes) is missing or partially lacking. Turner syndrome can cause an expansion of scientific and developmental issues, together with quick peek, failure of the ovaries to expand and coronary heart defects.

Turner syndrome can be identified earlier than delivery (prenatally), during infancy or in early childhood. Occasionally, in females with slight signs and symptoms and symptoms of Turner syndrome, the diagnosis is delayed until the teenager or younger grownup years.

Girls and women with Turner syndrome want ongoing hospital therapy from a ramification of specialists. Regular checkups and appropriate care can help maximum ladies and women lead healthful, independent lives.

Turner syndrome is a rare chromosomal ailment that affects females. The sickness is characterised by way of partial or complete loss (monosomy) of one of the 2d sex chromosomes. Turner syndrome is surprisingly variable and may differ dramatically from one character to some other. Affected females can potentially broaden a wide type of signs and symptoms, affecting many specific organ structures. Common symptoms encompass brief stature and premature ovarian failure, which can result in the failure to gain puberty. Most girls with Turner syndrome are infertile. A sort of extra symptoms can arise together with abnormalities of the eyes and ears, skeletal malformations, coronary heart anomalies, and kidney abnormalities. Intelligence is commonly normal, however affected individuals can also experience positive learning disabilities. Turner syndrome may be identified before beginning or quickly after birth or at some stage in early adolescence. However, in a few instances, the sickness may not be diagnosed until nicely into maturity, often as an incidental locating. Most cases do not run in families and seem to occur randomly for no obvious reason (sporadically).

Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic disorder characterized by the incomplete or partial absence of one of the sex chromosomes In approximately 90% of cases Turner syndrome results when all or part of one X chromosome is missing; it can also be caused by having an extra X chromosome Another name for Turner syndrome is monosomy X People with Turner syndrome inherit one normal X chromosome from their mother and one X chromosome that does not include most or all of the usual genes which is typically inherited from their father The missing or altered genes cause abnormalities in many parts of the body.

Turner syndrome is a condition that affects girls and women A typical female has two X chromosomes A girl or woman with Turner syndrome has only one X chromosome or part of one This missing genetic material alters the growth and development of the body Turner syndrome is caused by a random event during the formation of an embryo in early pregnancy In most cases there is no known cause However Turner syndrome occurs more frequently in females who have older mothers The risk also increases if the mother has diabetes or other conditions during pregnancy.

Types Turner syndrome(TS)

The kind of Turner syndrome (TS) a person has depends at the hassle with the X chromosome:

  • Monosomy X: Each cellular has only one X chromosome in preference to . About 45% of human beings with TS have this kind. It comes from the mom’s egg or the daddy’s sperm randomly forming without an X chromosome. After fertilization, the baby’s cells additionally include this illness.

  • Mosaic Turner syndrome: Also called forty five,X mosaicism, this type makes up approximately 30% of Turner syndrome instances. Some of the baby’s cells have a pair of X chromosomes, while different cells have one. It occurs randomly throughout cell division early in pregnancy.

  • Inherited Turner syndrome: In uncommon instances, infants may have inherited TS, which means their figure (or dad and mom) had been born with it and surpassed it on. This type normally takes place due to a missing part of the X chromosome.

Symptoms Turner syndrome(TS)

Signs of Turner syndrome can begin even earlier than birth, and they supply parents with a few concepts that their baby is probably born with the situation. An ultrasound of a toddler with it may show heart and kidney issues or a buildup of fluid.

A DNA test using a blood sample from the mother also can display a screen for Turner syndrome before it starts.


At start or at some stage in infancy, women might have a number of physical functions that factor to the situation. Swollen fingers and feet or smaller than common height at birth are amongst them.

Signs and signs and symptoms of Turner syndrome may additionally vary among ladies and ladies with the disorder. For some girls, the presence of Turner syndrome won't be effortlessly apparent, however in different women, several bodily capabilities are obvious early. Signs and symptoms may be diffused, growing slowly through the years, or extensive, together with heart defects.

Others include:

  • A wide or weblike neck with extra folds of skin

  • Receding or small lower jaw and a high, narrow roof of the mouth (palate)

  • Low-set ears and a low hairline

  • Broad chest with widely spaced nipples

  • Arms that turn outward at the elbows

  • Short fingers and toes and narrow fingernails and toenails

  • Delayed growth

  • Heart defects

  • Down-turning eyelids

  • Short roots of teeth

  • Kidney abnormalities

  • Greater than usual number of moles on the skin

Before birth

Turner syndrome may be suspected prenatally primarily based on prenatal cellular-unfastened DNA screening ― a technique to display for certain chromosomal abnormalities in a growing child the usage of a blood sample from the mom ― or prenatal ultrasound. Prenatal ultrasound of a child with Turner syndrome can also display:

  • Large fluid collection on the back of the neck or other abnormal fluid collections (edema)

  • Heart abnormalities

  • Abnormal kidneys

At birth or during infancy

Signs of Turner syndrome at beginning or at some stage in infancy may encompass:

  • Wide or weblike neck

  • Low-set ears

  • Broad chest with widely spaced nipples

  • High, narrow roof of the mouth (palate)

  • Arms that turn outward at the elbows

  • Fingernails and toenails that are narrow and turned upward

  • Swelling of the hands and feet, especially at birth

  • Slightly smaller than average height at birth

  • Slowed growth

  • Cardiac defects

  • Low hairline at the back of the head

  • Receding or small lower jaw

  • Short fingers and toes

In childhood, teens and adulthood

The maximum commonplace signs in nearly all women, teenagers and younger ladies with Turner syndrome are brief stature and ovarian insufficiency due to ovarian failure. Failure of the ovaries to increase may also arise at start or gradually in the course of youth, the teenager years or younger maturity. Signs and symptoms of these include:

  • Slowed growth

  • No growth spurts at expected times in childhood

  • Adult height significantly less than might be expected for a female member of the family

  • Failure to begin sexual changes expected during puberty

  • Sexual development that "stalls" during teenage years

  • Early end to menstrual cycles not due to pregnancy

  • For most females with Turner syndrome, inability to conceive a child without fertility treatment

When to see a doctor

Sometimes it is tough to distinguish the signs and symptoms and signs and symptoms of Turner syndrome from different issues. It's crucial to get a prompt, correct analysis and suitable care. See your health practitioner if there are concerns about the possibility of Turner syndrome. Your health practitioner may also refer you to a medical doctor who focuses on genetics (geneticist) or in hormone problems (endocrinologist) for similar evaluation.

Causes Turner syndrome(TS)

Turner syndrome is related to the X chromosome, which is one of the two sex chromosomes. People commonly have  intercourse chromosomes in each cell: ladies have two X chromosomes, even as men have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Turner syndrome effects when one everyday X chromosome is found in a girl's cells and the other sex chromosome is lacking or structurally altered. The lacking genetic material affects improvement earlier than and after start.

About half of of people with Turner syndrome have monosomy X, this means that each cellular within the individual's body has only one copy of the X chromosome as opposed to the usual two sex chromosomes. Turner syndrome can also arise if one of the sex chromosomes is in part missing or rearranged instead of absolutely absent. Some women with Turner syndrome have a chromosomal change in just a few of their cells, that's referred to as mosaicism. Women with Turner syndrome caused by X chromosome mosaicism are said to have mosaic Turner syndrome.

Researchers have no longer determined which genes at the X chromosome are associated with most of the features of Turner syndrome. They have, however, diagnosed one gene known as SHOX that is crucial for bone development and growth. The lack of one copy of this gene probably reasons for brief stature and skeletal abnormalities in women with Turner syndrome.

Most people are born with two sex chromosomes. Males inherit the X chromosome from their mothers and the Y chromosome from their fathers. Females inherit one X chromosome from each figure. In females who have Turner syndrome, one reproduction of the X chromosome is missing, partially lacking or modified.

The genetic changes of Turner syndrome may be one of the following:

  • Monosomy. The complete absence of an X chromosome generally occurs due to an error inside the father's sperm or in the mom's egg. This results in each mobile in the body having the simplest one X chromosome.

  • Mosaicism. In some cases, mistakes happen in cellular departments all through early stages of fetal development. This affects some cells in the body having two whole copies of the X chromosome. Other cells have the most effective one reproduction of the X chromosome.

  • X chromosome changes. Changed or missing parts of one of the X chromosomes can arise. Cells have one entire and one altered reproduction. These mistakes can arise inside the sperm or egg with all cells having one entire and one altered reproduction. Or the error can arise in the cell department in early fetal improvement so that only some cells include the changed or lacking elements of one of the X chromosomes (mosaicism).

  • Y chromosome material. In a small percentage of Turner syndrome instances, a few cells have one replica of the X chromosome and different cells have one copy of the X chromosome and some Y chromosome fabric. These people expand biologically as girls, but the presence of Y chromosome cloth will increase the chance of growing a sort of cancer referred to as gonadoblastoma.

Effects of the missing or changed chromosome

The missing or modified X chromosome of Turner syndrome causes troubles all through fetal improvement and other developmental troubles after beginning — as an example, brief stature, ovarian insufficiency and coronary heart defects. Physical characteristics and health headaches that get up from these chromosomal troubles vary substantially.

Risk factors Turner syndrome(TS)

The loss or alteration of the X chromosome takes place randomly. Sometimes, it's due to a hassle with the sperm or the egg, and different instances, the loss or alteration of the X chromosome happens early in fetal improvement.

Family records do not appear to be a hazard factor, so it is not going to happen that the dad and mom of 1 infant with Turner syndrome will have every other baby with the disorder.

Complications

Turner syndrome can have an effect on the right improvement of several frame systems, but this varies significantly among people with the syndrome. Complications which can arise encompass:

  • Heart problems. Many babies with Turner syndrome are born with heart defects or even mild abnormalities in coronary heart shape that increase their hazard of significant headaches. Heart defects often consist of troubles with the aorta, the big blood vessel that branches off the coronary heart and can provide oxygen-rich blood to the frame.

  • High blood pressure. Turner syndrome can increase the chance of excessive blood pressure — a circumstance that will increase the danger of developing diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

  • Hearing loss. Hearing loss is common with Turner syndrome. In a few cases, that is due to the sluggish loss of nerve function. An extended danger of common center ear infections also can result in listening to loss.

  • Vision problems. An extended threat of weak muscle control of eye moves (strabismus), nearsightedness and other vision troubles can arise with Turner syndrome.

  • Kidney problems. Turner syndrome can be associated with malformations of the kidneys. Although these abnormalities commonly don't cause scientific problems, they'll increase the chance of urinary tract infections.

  • Autoimmune disorders. Turner syndrome can increase the hazard of an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) due to the autoimmune ailment Hashimoto's thyroiditis. There is likewise an elevated chance of diabetes. Sometimes Turner syndrome is related to gluten intolerance (celiac disease) or inflammatory bowel sickness.

  • Skeletal problems. Problems with the growth and development of bones growth the hazard of odd curvature of the backbone (scoliosis) and ahead rounding of the upper again (kyphosis). Turner syndrome also can increase the chance of growing vulnerable, brittle bones (osteoporosis).

  • Learning disabilities. Girls and girls with Turner syndrome normally have normal intelligence. However, there is an extended hazard of mastering disabilities, especially with getting to know spatial concepts, math, reminiscence and attention.

  • Mental health issues. Girls and women with Turner syndrome may also have demanding situations functioning in social situations, may also experience tension and melancholy, and might have an expanded hazard of interest-deficit/hyperactivity ailment (ADHD).

  • Infertility. Most females with Turner syndrome are infertile. However, a very small wide variety might also become pregnant spontaneously, and some can end up pregnant with fertility treatment.

  • Pregnancy complications. Because ladies with Turner syndrome are at expanded chance of complications at some stage in being pregnant, consisting of excessive blood stress and aortic dissection, they need to be evaluated by a heart specialist (heart specialist) and a high-danger being pregnant health practitioner (maternal-fetal medication specialist) earlier than pregnancy.

Diagnosis Turner syndrome(TS)

A detailed patient history, an intensive scientific assessment, and a variety of specialized checks. Turner syndrome ought to be suspected in ladies with growth deficiency or short stature of unknown motive.

An analysis of Turner syndrome is regularly shown by using chromosomal evaluation, that's generally achieved by means of figuring out the karyotype. Karyotyping is a laboratory test that evaluates the number and shape of chromosomes. Karyotyping can be executed on nearly any type of tissue. In maximum instances, a blood pattern is used to envision someone’s karyotype.

Turner syndrome is being increasingly more identified earlier than beginning (prenatally). Screening for Turner syndrome and different chromosome abnormalities may be completed via noninvasive checking out on a maternal blood sample. Definitive checking out can be done with the aid of CVS or amniocentesis. CVS is completed at 10-12 weeks of being pregnant and entails the removal of tissue samples from a part of the placenta, while amniocentesis is carried out at 16-18 weeks gestation and involves taking a small pattern of the fluid around the fetus.

In sure instances, sure physical findings associated with Turner syndrome can be visible on a fetal ultrasound. For instance, the buildup of lymph fluid close to the neck of a growing fetus can every now and then be seen on a recurring fetal ultrasound. If prenatal testing indicates a Turner syndrome karyotype however normal ultrasound findings, it may be tough to expect the volume to which the infant will broaden symptoms of Turner syndrome after delivery.

If, based on signs and symptoms and signs and symptoms, the doctor suspects that your child has Turner syndrome, a lab test could be executed to investigate your child's chromosomes. The take a look at includes a blood sample. Occasionally, your doctor may additionally request a cheek scraping (buccal smear) or pores and skin sample. The chromosome evaluation determines whether or no longer there may be a lacking X chromosome or an alternate in one of the X chromosomes.

Prenatal diagnosis

An analysis is every now and then made during fetal development. Certain functions on an ultrasound photo may additionally enhance suspicion that your child has Turner syndrome or another genetic condition affecting improvement within the womb.

Prenatal screening assessments that evaluate the child's DNA within the mom's blood (prenatal cellular-free fetal DNA screening or noninvasive prenatal screening) may indicate an expanded chance of Turner syndrome. However, doing a karyotype at some point of being pregnant or after shipping is usually recommended to confirm the diagnosis.

If Turner syndrome is suspected earlier than start (prenatally), your pregnancy and childbirth expert (obstetrician) may ask in case you're interested in extra exams to make a prognosis earlier than your baby is born. One of  strategies can be accomplished to test prenatally for Turner syndrome:

  • Chorionic villus sampling. This entails taking a small piece of tissue from the developing placenta. The placenta consists of the identical genetic material because the baby. The chorionic villus cells can be despatched to the genetics lab for chromosome research. This is commonly carried out between 11 and 14 weeks of being pregnant.

  • Amniocentesis. In this check, a pattern of the amniotic fluid is taken from the uterus. The toddler sheds cells into the amniotic fluid. The fluid may be sent to the genetics lab for examination of the child's chromosomes in those cells. This is generally finished after 14 weeks of pregnancy.

Treatment Turner syndrome(TS)

Treatment for Turner syndrome relies upon every baby’s specific signs and symptoms and improvement. A coordinated care group can offer the most complete, effective care. The crew will examine the complete photograph and tailor a plan that works for your infant.

Usually, youngsters with Turner syndrome work with their pediatricians. They also get hold of assessment and monitoring from pediatric endocrinologists. These hormone professionals can offer pointers on a way to treat hormone deficiencies.

Because symptoms and headaches vary, treatments are tailor-made to cope with the man or woman's precise troubles. Evaluation and monitoring for clinical or mental health issues associated with Turner syndrome at some point of life can assist to deal with troubles early.

The primary remedies for almost all girls and ladies with Turner syndrome encompass hormone remedies:

  • Growth hormone. Growth hormone remedy — generally given daily as an injection of recombinant human growth hormone — is typically encouraged to boom top as lots as possible at suitable times during early childhood till the early teen years. Starting remedy early can improve peak and bone growth.

  • Estrogen therapy. Most women with Turner syndrome want to begin estrogen and associated hormone remedy with a purpose to begin puberty. Often, estrogen therapy begins around age 11 or 12 years. Estrogen facilitates breast improvement and improves the scale (volume) of the uterus. Estrogen facilitates bone mineralization, and whilst used with growth hormone, may assist with peak. Estrogen replacement therapy usually maintains all through life, till the common age of menopause is reached.

Other treatments are tailor-made to address unique problems as needed. Regular checkups have proven good sized upgrades within the health and best of life for girls and ladies with Turner syndrome.

It's important to help your toddler prepare for the transition from care together with your pediatrician to adult clinical and intellectual fitness care. A primary care physician can help to maintain coordination of care among a number of specialists at some point of life.

Health care team

Because Turner syndrome can result in developmental issues and medical headaches, several specialists may be involved in screening for precise situations, making diagnoses, recommending remedies and supplying care.

Teams may also evolve as desires exchange all through life. Care group experts may also consist of a few or all of those experts, and others as needed:

  • Hormone disorder specialist (endocrinologist)

  • Specialist in women's health (gynecologist)

  • Physician who specializes in genetics (medical geneticist)

  • Heart specialist (cardiologist)

  • Specialist in skeletal disorders (orthopedist)

  • Specialist in urinary tract disorders (urologist)

  • Ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist

  • Specialist in gastrointestinal disorders (gastroenterologist)

  • Specialist in vision problems and other eye disorders (ophthalmologist)

  • Specialist in hearing problems (audiologist)

  • Mental health professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist

  • Developmental therapist, who specializes in therapy to help your child develop age-appropriate behaviors, social skills and interpersonal skills

  • Special education instructors

  • Fertility specialist (reproductive endocrinologist)

Pregnancy and fertility treatment

Only a small percentage of girls with Turner syndrome can emerge as pregnant without fertility treatment. Those who can are nonetheless able to revel in failure of the ovaries and subsequent infertility very early in adulthood. So it's critical to discuss reproductive goals along with your fitness care provider.

Some girls with Turner syndrome can come to be pregnant with the donation of an egg or embryo. A reproductive endocrinologist can speak alternatives and help evaluate the possibilities of success.

In maximum instances, girls with Turner syndrome have high-risk pregnancies. It's critical to speak about the dangers before being pregnant with an excessive-risk obstetrician ― a specialist in maternal-fetal remedy who specializes in excessive-risk pregnancies ― or a reproductive endocrinologist.

Coping and support

The Turner Syndrome Society of the USA and different companies provide academic materials, resources for households and statistics approximately support businesses. Groups for dad and mom provide an opportunity to trade thoughts, broaden coping strategies and discover sources.

Peer businesses for girls with Turner syndrome can assist enhance self-esteem and offer a social network of folks who understand the way to stay with Turner syndrome.

Preparing for your appointment

How you learn your child has Turner syndrome may vary.

  • Before birth. Turner syndrome can be suspected from prenatal cell-loose DNA screening or positive functions can be detected on prenatal ultrasound screening. Prenatal diagnosis trying out can verify the diagnosis.

  • At birth. If certain situations — consisting of a webbed neck or different distinct bodily functions — are without problems apparent at delivery, diagnostic checks will probably start before your toddler leaves the clinic.

  • During childhood or teen years. Your family medical doctor or pediatrician may also suspect the disorder later if boom isn't always going on at an expected rate or puberty does not start at an anticipated time. Diagnostic testing can confirm the prognosis.

Well-baby visits and annual checkups

It's important to take your infant to all frequently scheduled properly-child visits and annual appointments all through adolescence. These visits are an opportunity for the medical doctor to take height measurements, notice delays in expected increase and perceive different problems in bodily improvement.

The physician might also ask questions including:

  • What concerns do you have about your child's growth or development?

  • How well does your child eat?

  • Has your child begun to show signs of puberty?

  • Is your child experiencing any learning difficulties at school?

  • What does your child do in peer-to-peer interactions or social situations?

Talking to the doctor about Turner syndrome

If your family health practitioner or pediatrician believes that your infant shows signs and symptoms or signs and symptoms of Turner syndrome and shows diagnostic checks, you could want to ask those questions:

  • What diagnostic tests are needed?

  • When will we know the results of the tests?

  • What specialists will we need to see?

  • How will you screen for disorders or complications that are commonly associated with Turner syndrome?

  • How can I help monitor my child's health and development?

  • Can you suggest educational materials and local support services regarding Turner syndrome?

General summary

Turner syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality that occurs in females when they are born with only one X chromosome instead of the normal two The syndrome affects about 1 in 2,500 newborn girls and is caused by an error in cell division during meiosis After conception an egg cell has 46 chromosomes; XY for males and XX for females The egg then divides into 23 chromosomes (the X chromosome from the mother and the X chromosome from the father) and another 23 chromosomes (the Y chromosome from the father and an X chromosome from the mother) If there is an error at this stage it can lead to Turner syndrome.

What is the best treatment for Turner syndrome?

If a woman with Turner syndrome becomes pregnant there is an increased risk of giving birth prematurely or having a low-birth weight baby In most cases these problems can be prevented if the mother's doctor closely monitors the pregnancy The doctor will test for high blood pressure and diabetes during the first trimester and carefully monitor blood sugar levels throughout the pregnancy A healthy diet and exercise are also encouraged to ensure a healthy outcome.

What are three of the treatments for Turner's syndrome?

Treatment for Turner's syndrome depends on the severity of symptoms In general treatment includes frequent check-ups, lifestyle changes and medications to slow the progression of physical changes.

How is Turner syndrome managed?

Turner syndrome is a chromosomal condition that affects one of every 2,500 female newborns In the early stages of life a woman with Turner syndrome may have no outward signs or symptoms However as she grows older and enters puberty she may experience physical changes such as short stature and small hands and feet She also may develop hormonal changes that cause infertility If left untreated Turner syndrome can affect a woman's heart kidneys and vision.

Can you live a normal life with Turner syndrome?

Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects females It occurs when one of the two X chromosomes found in all females is missing, damaged or altered This results in a variety of symptoms including short stature and heart defects While there is no cure for Turner syndrome it can be managed with medical treatments and lifestyle changes.

Can Turner syndrome be cured?

Turner syndrome is the most common genetic disorder in girls It occurs when a girl has only one X chromosome instead of two or part of one X chromosome is missing Signs and symptoms may vary widely among affected individuals Affected girls usually have normal intelligence but they may have learning disabilities and other developmental problems They also tend to be short with wide-set eyes a small jaw and other distinctive facial features.

Can Turner syndrome be prevented?

Yes This is one of the rare instances in which early diagnosis and treatment can reduce the severity of the condition However even if a woman diagnosed with Turner syndrome does not receive hormone replacement therapy it will still make her fertile She can still enjoy pregnancy childbirth and motherhood If she does not want to have children or is not ready for them she should speak with her partner about their options and decide what's best for them as a couple.

Can you abort a baby with Turner syndrome?

One of the most common questions people with Turner syndrome get asked is if they can still have kids The short answer is yes but it’s not always easy Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder in which one or more chromosomes are missing or defective It affects about 1 in 2,000 girls Girls born with Turner syndrome tend to be short and may have heart problems kidney problems learning disabilities and other issues Nearly all will have fertility problems because of the extra chromosome.

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Turner syndrome(TS): Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis ,Treatment , Risk factors  , Complications , Prevention

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